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How Local Context Affects Populist Radical Right Support: A Cross-National Investigation Into Mediated and Moderated Relationships
- Kai Arzheimer, Carl Berning, Sarah de Lange, Jerome Dutozia, Jocelyn Evans, Myles Gould, Eelco Harteveld, Nick Hood, Gilles Ivaldi, Paul Norman, Wouter van der Brug, Tom van der Meer
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Political Science , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 April 2024, pp. 1-26
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Populist radical right (PRR) parties are often more successful in some regions of their countries than in others. However, previous research shows that the relationship between context and PRR support is not straightforward. We develop and test an expanded framework linking local conditions to PRR support through two causal mechanisms. First, we argue economic and cultural contextual factors can influence citizens by fostering a sense of perceived local decline, which in turn predicts both populist and nativist attitudes and, hence, PRR support (mediation). Second, we expect that citizens with fewer resources and stronger local embeddedness are more strongly influenced by the context in which they live (moderation). Combining geocoded survey data with contextual data from four countries (DE, FR, GB and NL), we show that the link between local context and PRR support is indeed mediated and moderated, providing a better understanding of the spatial distribution behind recent PRR success.
Perioperative antimicrobial decision making: Focused ethnography study in orthopedic and cardiothoracic surgeries in an Australian hospital
- Trisha N. Peel, Eliza Watson, Kelly Cairns, Ho Yin (Ashley) Lam, Heidi Zhangrong Li, Ganan Ravindran, Jayan Seneviratne, David Daly, Susan Liew, David McGiffin, Paul Myles, Darshini Ayton
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue 6 / June 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 March 2020, pp. 645-652
- Print publication:
- June 2020
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Objective:
Antimicrobial use in the surgical setting is common and frequently inappropriate. Understanding the behavioral context of antimicrobial use is a critical step to developing stewardship programs.
Design:In this study, we employed qualitative methodologies to describe the phenomenon of antimicrobial use in 2 surgical units: orthopedic surgery and cardiothoracic surgery.
Setting:This study was conducted at a public, quaternary, university-affiliated hospital.
Participants:Healthcare professionals from the 2 surgical unit teams participated in the study.
Methods:We used focused ethnographic and face-to-face semi-structured interviews to observe antimicrobial decision-making behaviors across the patient’s journey from the preadmission clinic to the operating room to the postoperative ward.
Results:We identified 4 key themes influencing decision making in the surgical setting. Compartmentalized communication (theme 1) was observed with demarcated roles and defined pathways for communication (theme 2). Antimicrobial decisions in the operating room were driven by the most senior members of the team. These decisions, however, were delegated to more junior members of staff in the ward and clinic environment (theme 3). Throughout the patient’s journey, communication with the patient about antimicrobial use was limited (theme 4).
Conclusions:Approaches to decision making in surgery are highly structured. Although this structure appears to facilitate smooth flow of responsibility, more junior members of the staff may be disempowered. In addition, opportunities for shared decision making with patients were limited. Antimicrobial stewardship programs need to recognize the hierarchal structure as well as opportunities to engage the patient in shared decision making.
Chapter 4 - Milk of Amnesia
- Edited by Michael G. Irwin, The University of Hong Kong, Gordon T. C. Wong, The University of Hong Kong, Shuk Wan Lam, The University of Hong Kong
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- Book:
- Taking on TIVA
- Published online:
- 18 November 2019
- Print publication:
- 05 December 2019, pp 22-30
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Summary
Currently, propofol, while not perfect, has the most suitable PD and PK characteristics suitable for TIVA. Even for the unenlightened the drug is well established as an induction agent, so it is very likely that you will already have some experience of its use – but this chapter will further elucidate this fascinating drug.
Chapter 14 - Postoperative nausea and vomiting management: cost-effectiveness and patient outcome
- Edited by Tong Joo Gan, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, Ashraf S. Habib, Duke University Medical Center, Durham
- Foreword by Henrik Kehlet
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- Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
- Published online:
- 05 March 2016
- Print publication:
- 29 March 2016, pp 146-155
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Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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nine - Perspectives on social segregation and migration: spatial scale, mixing and place
- Edited by Christopher D. Lloyd, University of Liverpool, Ian G. Shuttleworth, Queen's University Belfast, David W. Wong, George Mason University, Virginia
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- Book:
- Social-Spatial Segregation
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 04 March 2022
- Print publication:
- 28 August 2014, pp 197-220
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Summary
Introduction
Most studies of residential segregation in the UK and the US are based on census data. This means that they are cross-sectional as they capture geographical population patterns as they exist at one moment in time when the census is taken. Despite this, there is a long-standing awareness that segregation is shaped by changes in population distributions through time and the process is dynamic. One major early contribution that considered these dynamic aspects was Schelling (1969, 1971) who developed, with regard to Black/White segregation in US cities, a conceptual model that demonstrated how small differences in individual residential preferences with regard to the colour of neighbours could lead to large group/place differences. Schelling's approach was influential and was later elaborated on (for an example, see Clark, 1991) to show how these small differences should lead to complete segregation once a ‘tipping point’ had been passed – as a stable equilibrium with population mixing was unlikely. Yet, despite these expectations, in some situations segregation patterns/levels do not always move inexorably towards complete segregation as might be expected. Although high levels of residential segregation remain a persistent and intractable feature of US cities (South and Crowder, 1998), there is rarely complete segregation across an urban area, and in some cases segregation levels remain relatively stable through time. Clark (1992), using the example of the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, argues that this stability can arise through a combination of short distance housing moves and residential preferences. He goes on to suggest that urban structure(s) and morphology also play a part in maintaining stable levels of segregation through time.
This chapter aims to explore and to elaborate on the points made by Clark (1992) with special reference to geographical population patterns and the distances moved when people change address. It uses, as an example, Northern Ireland (NI), albeit one with a very different political and historical context. This is another place where residential segregation has remained stable over a long period of time – since 1991 – despite many reports to the contrary. The chapter considers how this might be so despite differences in residential preferences between Catholics and Protestants that might be assumed to lead to complete segregation once a ‘tipping point’ is past.
The Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Scale for Children and Young People (CBTS-CYP): Development and Psychometric Properties
- Paul Stallard, Pam Myles, Amanda Branson
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- Journal:
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy / Volume 42 / Issue 3 / May 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 February 2014, pp. 269-282
- Print publication:
- May 2014
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Background: There is increased interest in developing training in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) with children and young people. However, the assessment of clinical competence has relied upon the use of measures such as the Cognitive Therapy Scale-Revised (CTS-R: Blackburn et al., 2001) which has been validated to assess competence with adults. The appropriateness of this measure to assess competence when working with children and young people has been questioned. Aim: This paper describes the development and initial evaluation of the Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Scale for Children and Young People (CBTS-CYP) developed specifically to assess competence in CBT with children and young people. Method: A cross section of child CBT practitioners (n = 61) were consulted to establish face validity. Internal reliability, convergent validity and discriminative ability were assessed in two studies. In the first, 12 assessors independently rated a single video using both the Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Scale for Children and Young People (CBTS-CYP) and Cognitive Therapy Scale-Revised (CTS-Revised: Blackburn et al., 2001). In the second, 48 different recordings of CBT undertaken with children and young people were rated on both the CBTS-CYP and CTS-R. Results: Face validity and internal reliability of the CBTS-CYP were high, and convergent validity with the CTS-R was good. The CBTS-CYP compared well with the CTS-R in discriminative ability. Conclusion: The CBTS-CYP provides an appropriate way of assessing competence in using CBT with children and young people. Further work is required to assess robustness with younger children and the impact of group training in reducing inter-rater variations.
Contributors
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- By Ashok Agarwal, Joseph P Alukal, Deborah J Anderson, Linda D Applegarth, Saleh Binsaleh, Elizabeth M Bloom, Karen E Boyle, Nancy L Brackett, Robert E Brannigan, James V Bruckner, Victor M Brugh, Ettore Caroppo, Grace M Centola, Aleksander Chudnovsky, Susan L Crockin, Fnu Deepinder, David M. Fenig, Aaron B Grotas, Matthew P. Hardy, Wayne J. G. Hellstrom, Stanton C Honig, Stuart S Howards, Keith Jarvi, Rajasingam S Jeyendran, William E Kaplan, Edward Karpman, Sanjay S Kasturi, Mohit Khera, Nancy A Klein, Dolores J Lamb, Jane M Lewis, Larry I Lipshultz, Kirk C Lo, Charles M Lynne, R. Dale McClure, Antoine A Makhlouf, Myles Margolis, Clara I. Marín-Briggiler, Randall B Meacham, Jesse N Mills, John P Mulhall, Alexander Müller, Christine Mullin, Harris M Nagler, Craig S Niederberger, Robert D Oates, Dana A Ohl, E. Charles Osterberg, Rodrigo L Pagani, Vassilios Papadopoulos, Joseph A Politch, Gail S Prins, Angela A Reese, Susan A Rothmann, Edmund S Sabanegh, Denny Sakkas, Jay I Sandlow, Richard A Schoor, Paulo C Serafini, Mark Sigman, Suresh C Sikka, Rebecca Z Sokol, Jens Sønksen, Miguel Srougi, James Stelling, Justin Tannir, Anthony J Thomas, Paul J Turek, Terry T Turner, Mónica H. Vazquez-Levin, Moshe Wald, Thomas J Walsh, Thomas M Wheeler, Daniel H Williams, Armand Zini, Barry R Zirkin
- Edited by Larry I. Lipshultz, Stuart S. Howards, University of Virginia, Craig S. Niederberger, University of Illinois, Chicago
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- Book:
- Infertility in the Male
- Published online:
- 19 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 24 September 2009, pp vii-x
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The Alien Chinese Mitten Crab, Eriocheir Sinensis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura), in the Thames Catchment
- Paul F. Clark, Philip S. Rainbow, Roni S. Robbins, Brian Smith, William E. Yeomans, Myles Thomas, Gina Dobson
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- Journal:
- Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom / Volume 78 / Issue 4 / November 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 May 2009, pp. 1215-1221
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Eriocheir sinensis, the Chinese mitten crab, is a native of east Asia and predominantly lives in freshwater but migrates seawards to breed. In 1912 a specimen was collected in the River Aller, a tributary of the Weser, Germany and now this exotic species has a European distribution from Finland to the Atlantic coast of southern France. In the UK, the mitten crab has been reported from the Humber, Medway and Thames catchments. Although the population in Thames had remained low, recent evidence suggests it is increasing, which has potential environmental implications.
An Estuarine Biodiversity Hot-Spot
- Martin J. Attrill, Paul M. Ramsay, R. Myles Thomas, Marcus W. Trett
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- Journal:
- Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom / Volume 76 / Issue 1 / February 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 May 2009, pp. 161-175
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From 1989–1992, at quarterly intervals, the National Rivers Authority (NRA) (Thames Region) Thames Estuary Benthic Programme sampled 28 sites within the estuary for benthic macroinvertebrates; meiofauna samples were also taken for the first year. At one subtidal site, situated off Canvey Island, over 200 invertebrate species over the survey period from a sample area of 4·4 m2 were recorded. This species richness was far higher than surrounding sites, including those further out into the North Sea. The most important groups at this site were Nematoda (77 spp.), Crustacea (46 spp.) and Polychaeta (40 spp.) and a species capture curve for macroinvertebrates continued to rise after 44 day grabs. The mean biomass of the site (248 g wet weight /m2) was 20 times that of any other site in the outer estuary. The substratum at the site was highly heterogeneous, yet comparatively stable due to its situation at the base (>20 m depth) of a man-made shipping channel, the provision of a large number of niches perhaps explaining the high biodiversity. The anthropogenic influence on a naturally low biodiversity area emphasises the importance of these ecosystems when considering the conservation of global biodiversity. Methods to determine the relative importance of ecosystems are discussed.
Brain dopamine response in human opioid addiction
- Mark R.C. Daglish, Tim M. Williams, Sue J. Wilson, Lindsay G. Taylor, Chin B. Eap, Marc Augsburger, Christian Giroud, David J. Brooks, Judy S. Myles, Paul Grasby, Anne R. Lingford-Hughes, David J. Nutt
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 193 / Issue 1 / July 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 65-72
- Print publication:
- July 2008
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Background
Drugs of dependence cause dopamine release in the rat striatum. Human neuroimaging studies have shown an increase in dopamine in the equivalent region in response to stimulants and other drugs
AimsWe tested whether opioids provoke dopamine release and its relationship to the subjective experience
MethodIn two combined studies 14 heroin addicts on methadone maintenance treatment underwent two positron emission tomography brain scans of the dopamine system using [11C]-raclopride following an injection of placebo and either 50 mg intravenous diamorphine or 10 mg subcutaneous hydromorphone in a double-blind, random order design
ResultsBoth opioids produced marked subjective and physiological effects, but no measurable change in [11C]-raclopride binding
ConclusionsThe absence of a dopamine response to opioid agonists contrasts with that found with stimulant drugs and suggests dopamine may not play the same role in addiction to opioids. This questions the role of dopamine in the subjective experience of heroin in opioid addicts
Brain opioid receptor binding in early abstinence from opioid dependence: Positron emission tomography study
- Tim M. Williams, Mark R. C. Daglish, Anne Lingford-Hughes, Lindsay G. Taylor, Alexander Hammers, David J. Brooks, Paul Grasby, Judith S. Myles, David J. Nutt
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 191 / Issue 1 / July 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 63-69
- Print publication:
- July 2007
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Background
Although opioid receptor function in humans is clearly reduced during opioid dependence, what happens to the receptor in early abstinence is not understood.
AimsThis study sought to examine changes in opioid receptor availability in early abstinence from opioid dependence.
MethodTen people with opioid dependence who had completed inpatient detoxification and 20 healthy controls underwent [11C]-diprenorphine positron emission tomography. Clinical variables were assessed with structured questionnaires. Opioid receptor binding was characterised as the volume of distribution of [11C]-diprenorphine using a template of predefined brain volumes and an exploratory voxel-by-voxel analysis.
ResultsCompared with controls, participants with opioid dependence had increased [11C]-diprenorphine binding in the whole brain and in 15 of the 21 a priori regions studied.
ConclusionsThis study suggests that opioid receptor binding is increased throughout the brain in early abstinence from dependent opioid use. These data complement the findings in cocaine and alcohol dependence.
19 - Anaesthesia for major abdominal and urological surgery
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- By Paul Myles, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Kate Leslie, Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Edited by Ann Møller, KAS Herlev, Copenhagen, Tom Pedersen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen
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- Book:
- Evidence-based Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
- Published online:
- 05 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 09 October 2006, pp 223-246
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Summary
This chapter describes many evidence-based interventions relevant to anaesthesia for abdominal surgery. The two most common analgesic therapies after abdominal surgery are patient controlled analgesia (PCA) and epidural analgesia. It has been suggested that a strategy of targeting tissue oxygen delivery, so-called "optimisation" or "goal-directed" therapy, can improve postoperative outcome. Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery are particularly at risk of hypothermia, because of the potential for significant heat loss. There is substantial evidence in the literature that maintenance of normothermia during major abdominal surgery may lead to improved outcomes. Major abdominal surgery patients, in particular cancer patients, are at relatively high risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism. There is a large amount of evidence derived from randomised trials and meta-analyses of trials in abdominal surgical practice to guide anaesthetic practice.
Theoretical Evaluation of the Thermal Conductivity in Framework (Clathrate) Semiconductors
- Jianjun Dong, Otto F. Sankey, Charles W. Myles, Ganesh K. Ramachandran, Paul F. McMillan, Jan Gryko
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 626 / 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, Z6.1
- Print publication:
- 2000
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We have calculated the room temperature thermal conductivity in semiconductor germanium clathrates using statistical linear-response theory and an equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) approach. A key step in our study is to compute a realistic heat-current J (t) and a corresponding auto-correlation function < J (t) J (0) >. To ensure convergence of our results and to minimize statistical fluctuations in our calculations, we have constructed large super-cell models (2944 atoms) and have performed several independent long time simulations (>1,500 ps in each simulation). Our results show an unexpected “oscillator” character in the heat-current correlation function of the guest-free Ge clathrate frameworks. This is absent in the denser diamond phase and other with simple structural frameworks. We seek to interpret these results using lattice dynamics information. A study of the effects of the so-called “rattling” guest atoms in the open-framework clathrate materials is in progress.